Orwell 1903 y\u0131l\u0131nda Hindistan\u2019da d\u00fcnyaya gelir. As\u0131l ad\u0131 Eric Blair\u2019dir. Hastal\u0131kl\u0131 ve \u00e7elimsiz \u00e7ocuklu\u011fu; baba sevgisinden mahrum ge\u00e7er. Annesi Orwell\u2019\u0131 ablas\u0131yla \u0130ngiltere\u2019ye getirir. Babas\u0131, \u0130ngiltere\u2019nin Hindistan\u2019daki s\u00f6m\u00fcrge idaresinden 1912 y\u0131l\u0131nda emekliye ayr\u0131l\u0131p \u0130ngiltere\u2019ye d\u00f6nse de, o\u011fluyla y\u0131ld\u0131zlar\u0131 uyu\u015fmaz.<\/p>\n
Orwell, yar\u0131 burslu olarak yat\u0131l\u0131 okulda okurken, \u0130ngiltere\u2019deki i\u00e7timai s\u0131n\u0131flar aras\u0131ndaki adaletsizli\u011fi m\u00fc\u015fahede edecektir.<\/p>\n
Bir keresinde, \u00e7ocukluk arkada\u015f\u0131 Laura, Orwell\u2019\u0131 bah\u00e7ede ba\u015f\u0131n\u0131 yere koyup ayaklar\u0131n\u0131 havaya kald\u0131rarak durdu\u011funu g\u00f6r\u00fcp sebebini sorar. B\u00f6yle durunca daha \u00e7ok insanlar\u0131n dikkatini celbetti\u011fini s\u00f6yler Orwell.<\/p>\n
Ailesi \u00fcniversite masraf\u0131n\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131layamaz. \u00dcstelik zorlamaya gerek duymazlar, zira Orwell lisede notlar\u0131n\u0131 y\u00fckseltme derdinde olmam\u0131\u015f, alaka duydu\u011fu ders haricindeki \u015feylere vakit harcam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Okulda gazete \u00e7\u0131karm\u0131\u015f ve yazma i\u015fleriyle u\u011fra\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ya\u015f\u0131tlar\u0131 \u00fcniversiteye giderken, Orwell Polis okuluna kaydolur ve o zamanlar hen\u00fcz Hindistan\u2019dan kopar\u0131lmam\u0131\u015f olan Myanmar\u2019a gider.<\/p>\n
Sefahatten Tefekk\u00fcre<\/strong><\/p>\n Myanmar\u2019dayken yaln\u0131z tak\u0131l\u0131r, bo\u015f vakitlerinde kitaplarla ve yerlilerle vakit ge\u00e7irir. O kadar ki, tertipleri ona \u201cyabanc\u0131\u201d (outsider<\/em>) lakab\u0131 takarlar. Yerliler gibi d\u00f6vmeler yapt\u0131r\u0131r, Burma dili \u00f6\u011frenir, ordaki rahiplerle sohbetler eder, hapishaneye gider mahkumlarla konu\u015fur. Sonraki d\u00f6nemlerde, Britanya \u0130mparatorlu\u011funun s\u00f6m\u00fcrgeci icraatlar\u0131nda rol ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in su\u00e7luluk hissetti\u011fini yazacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n Hastalan\u0131p \u0130ngiltere\u2019ye d\u00f6n\u00fcnce, polislikten istifa edip yazar olmaya karar verir. Jack London hayran\u0131d\u0131r. Tebdil-i k\u0131yafetle Londra\u2019n\u0131n fakir b\u00f6lgelerine gidip, g\u00f6rd\u00fcklerini kay\u0131t alt\u0131na al\u0131r. Paris\u2019e gider; i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 mahallesi say\u0131lan Be\u015finci B\u00f6lge\u2019ye yerle\u015fir. Metaliksiz g\u00fcnler ge\u00e7irir; teyzesinden har\u00e7l\u0131k al\u0131r. Baya\u011f\u0131 i\u015flerde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmak mecburiyetinde kal\u0131r. Otellerde bula\u015f\u0131k y\u0131kd\u0131\u011f\u0131 olur. Hastalan\u0131nca, talebelere bedava hizmet veren bir hastaneye yat\u0131r\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r. Gazete ve dergilere makaleler g\u00f6nderir. Bu d\u00f6nemde yazd\u0131klar\u0131; Jack London\u2019\u0131n U\u00e7urum \u0130nsanlar\u0131 gibi; ekseriyetle fakirlik \u00fczerinedir. \u0130ki y\u0131l s\u00fcren Paris maceras\u0131ndan sonra 1929 k\u0131\u015f\u0131 \u0130ngiltere\u2019ye geri d\u00f6necektir.<\/p>\n Hayat\u0131 tezatlar ve d\u00fczensizlikler i\u00e7indedir. Bir d\u00f6nem, ailesi nazar\u0131nda efendi gibi g\u00f6r\u00fcnen Orwell, haylaz \u00e7ocuk denebilecek bir paralel hayat ya\u015far. \u00d6zel dersler verir, lisede \u00f6\u011fretmenlik yapar, Burton takma ad\u0131yla \u00e7e\u015fitli makaleler kaleme al\u0131r, gecelik yataklar kiralar, fakirlerin tak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 mekanlara gider, sahilde y\u0131kan\u0131r, dilenci ve i\u015f\u00e7ilerle ya\u015far, y\u0131lba\u015f\u0131n\u0131 hapiste ge\u00e7irmek i\u00e7in kendini tutuklat\u0131r ama serho\u015fluk ve serserilik hapse girmesi i\u00e7in yeterli olmaz. \u0130kinci el kitap\u00e7\u0131da \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r. \u0130ki arkada\u015f\u0131yla bir bekarevinde kal\u0131r. Adelphi\u2019de makaleleri yay\u0131nlan\u0131r.\u00a0Burma G\u00fcnleri<\/strong>\u00a0ve\u00a0Papaz\u0131n K\u0131z\u0131<\/strong>\u00a0kitaplar\u0131 ne\u015fredilir.<\/p>\n \u0130deolojilerin \u00c7at\u0131\u015fmas\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n Myanmar\u2019dan sonra, ilk ba\u015flarda kendini anar\u015fist, sonralar\u0131 marksist olarak vasfetse de, sosyalist olamayacak kadar geni\u015f yelpazede yazm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r Orwell.<\/p>\n Stalin\u2019e kar\u015f\u0131d\u0131r, ancak Stalin\u2019in \u015fahs\u0131nda bir b\u00fct\u00fcn olarak sosyalizmi ve solu hedef ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 gerek\u00e7esiyle ele\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir. Emperyalizm aleyhtar\u0131d\u0131r. Fa\u015fistlere kar\u015f\u0131 sava\u015fmak \u00fczere \u0130spanya \u0130\u00e7 Sava\u015f\u0131na kat\u0131lan Orwell, g\u0131rtla\u011f\u0131ndan yaralan\u0131r ve \u00f6l\u00fcmden k\u0131l pay\u0131 kurtulup \u0130ngiltere\u2019ye d\u00f6ner. Asl\u0131nda fa\u015fist Franko\u2019ya kar\u015f\u0131 Cumhuriyet\u00e7iler saf\u0131nda yer almak i\u00e7in gitmi\u015ftir \u0130spanya\u2019ya. Ne var ki; Stalin\u2019e ba\u011fl\u0131 kom\u00fcnistler, Orwell\u2019\u0131n ba\u011fl\u0131 oldu\u011fu fraksiyonun fa\u015fistlerle i\u015fbirli\u011fi i\u00e7inde oldu\u011funu ileri s\u00fcrerek bir temizleme harekat\u0131na ba\u015flayacaklard\u0131r.<\/p>\n Katalonya\u2019ya Selam<\/strong>\u00a0kitab\u0131n\u0131 en iyi eserleri aras\u0131nda sayanlar vard\u0131r. \u0130spanya tecr\u00fcbesi, onda kom\u00fcnizme kar\u015f\u0131 derin korkuyu miras b\u0131rakm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u0130spanya \u0130\u00e7 Sava\u015f\u0131nda; \u0130ngiltere, Fransa ve Amerika korkak davranm\u0131\u015f; Hitler ve Mussolini\u2019nin Franko\u2019ya verdikleri deste\u011fi muhaliflere vermemi\u015flerdir. Halbuki, Orwell\u2019a g\u00f6re, Franko\u2019ya kar\u015f\u0131 direnen samimi insanlar, barbarizme kar\u015f\u0131 hepimiz ad\u0131na m\u00fccadele vermi\u015flerdir. Bu arada Stalin, Franko kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131ndaki direni\u015fi kendi kontrol\u00fcne almaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaktan geri durmayacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n \u015eaheserlerinin Kaynaklar\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n Shakespeare, Dickens, Swift, Flaubert ve (\u0130ngilizce yazan) di\u011fer modern yazarlar haricinde; \u201cBiz<\/strong>\u201d roman\u0131nda distopik bir gelece\u011fi konu alan, Rus yazar Yevgeniy \u0130vanovi\u00e7 Zamyatin\u2019in tesirinde kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n Gazetecili\u011fi yazarl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan \u00f6ndedir. Kitap de\u011ferlendirmeleriyle me\u015fhurdur. \u0130spanya\u2019dan d\u00f6nd\u00fckten sonra, BBC\u2019nin Hindistan ve G\u00fcney Asya\u2019daki propaganda ne\u015friyat\u0131n\u0131 y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fcr. Daha sonra, tabiat ve fikriyat\u0131na mu\u011fayir oldu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnerek bu i\u015finden ayr\u0131l\u0131r. \u00d6mr\u00fc boyunca hastal\u0131klarla m\u00fccadele eder.<\/p>\n Asl\u0131nda Orwell; derin felsef\u00ee duru\u015fa veya cihan\u015fum\u00fcl bir d\u00fcnya g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcne sahip bir m\u00fctefekkir de\u011fildir.\u00a0Hayvan \u00c7iftli\u011fi<\/strong>\u00a0ve\u00a01984<\/strong>\u2019e kadar; orta halli bir yazar bile say\u0131lamayacakt\u0131r. \u00d6yle ki, yazarl\u0131\u011f\u0131 gazetecili\u011finin g\u00f6lgesinde kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Fakat, ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00f6nemdeki d\u00fcnya d\u00fczeni, \u015fahs\u00ee hayat tecr\u00fcbeleri, kitaplarla hemhal olmas\u0131n\u0131 gerektirecek i\u015flerde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 gibi fakt\u00f6rler, Orwell\u2019a \u201cG\u00fc\u00e7, \u0130ktidar, Y\u00f6netme H\u0131rs\u0131 ve Totaliterle\u015fme\u201d hususlar\u0131n\u0131 konu alan\u00a0Hayvan \u00c7iftli\u011fi<\/strong>\u00a0ve\u00a01984<\/strong>kitaplar\u0131n\u0131 yazd\u0131rtm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n \u0130\u00e7ine kapan\u0131k ve hay\u00e2l\u00ee ki\u015filerle konu\u015fan bir \u00e7ocukluk d\u00f6nemi ge\u00e7irdi\u011finden hayal g\u00fcc\u00fc kuvvetlidir. Mevzubahis iki eserde, Orwell\u2019\u0131n bu \u015fahs\u00ee hususiyetlerini m\u00fc\u015fahede etmek m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr.<\/p>\n Bin Dokuz Y\u00fcz Seksen D\u00f6rt \u2013 1984<\/strong><\/p>\n 1984 sars\u0131c\u0131 bir eser: \u00dcst \u00fcste y\u0131\u011f\u0131lan, kesi\u015fen, birbirini tamamlayan, psikolojik, siyasi, sosyolojik\u2026 bir \u00e7ok disipline konu olacak hususlar girift bir \u015fekilde harmanlanm\u0131\u015f.<\/p>\n Baz\u0131 hayvanlar, \u00f6nce avlar\u0131n\u0131 mahfuz bir yere ta\u015f\u0131r, ondan sonra sakin sakin yerler. 1984 yazar\u0131 da, i\u00e7inde bulundu\u011fu \u00e7a\u011f\u0131 tahlil etmek ve d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelerini daha tesirli bir \u015fekilde aktarabilmek i\u00e7in, evvela okurlar\u0131n\u0131 mahfuz bir yere ta\u015f\u0131maktad\u0131r. Bu yer, romanda in\u015fa edilen, olduk\u00e7a karamsar bir d\u00fcnyad\u0131r.\u00a0Okuyucuyu i\u00e7inde bulundu\u011fu d\u00fcnyadan \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131p hay\u00e2l\u00ee bir d\u00fcnyaya ta\u015f\u0131yarak; bamba\u015fka bir gezegende b\u00fct\u00fcn fikirlerini anlaml\u0131 bir b\u00fct\u00fcn i\u00e7inde sakin sakin aktarmak istemi\u015ftir<\/strong>.<\/p>\n Kitap bir distopyad\u0131r. Yazar, y\u0131kmak \u00fczere bir \u00fctopik d\u00fcnya in\u015fa eder. Ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmesi arzu edilmeyen bir d\u00fczen, insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n yuvarlanmamas\u0131 gereken bir \u00e7ukurdur bu d\u00fcnya.<\/p>\n 1984 bir ik\u00e2zd\u0131r<\/strong>: Yazar, g\u00fcnl\u00fck hayatta mevcut olan baz\u0131 de\u011fer ve tem\u00e2y\u00fclleri abartarak bir iht\u00e2r \u00e7ekmek istemi\u015ftir. Endi\u015fe dolu ve korkutucu bir d\u00fcnyan\u0131n deh\u015fet verici hayat\u0131 g\u00f6zler \u00f6n\u00fcne serilmektedir.<\/p>\n Ba\u015ftan sona, kitab\u0131n \u00e7e\u015fitli b\u00f6l\u00fcmlerinde \u00e7arp\u0131c\u0131 tespitler bulursunuz: \u201c\u0130nsan g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc bir ba\u015fkas\u0131na nas\u0131l tatbik eder? [\u2026] Ona ac\u0131 \u00e7ektirerek\u00a0 [\u2026] \u0130taat k\u00e2fi de\u011fildir. Ac\u0131 \u00e7ekmedi\u011fi s\u00fcrece kendi iradesine de\u011fil de senin iradene tabi oldu\u011fundan nas\u0131l emin olabilirsin. G\u00fc\u00e7 ac\u0131 \u00e7ektirme ve a\u015fa\u011f\u0131lamakta sakl\u0131d\u0131r.\u201d<\/p>\n Ve B\u00fcy\u00fck Birader\u2026<\/strong><\/p>\n B\u00fcy\u00fck Birader taraf\u0131ndan izlenmeyen bir insan evlad\u0131 var m\u0131d\u0131r bu d\u00fcnyada? Baz\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck biraderler ekranlardan, baz\u0131lar\u0131 kabirlerinden, baz\u0131lar\u0131 ise saraylar\u0131ndan izlerler bizi.<\/p>\n Birinci Cihan Harbi<\/strong>\u00a0bitti\u011finde onbe\u015f ya\u015f\u0131ndayd\u0131 Orwell. G\u00fcc\u00fc elinde bulunduran ki\u015filerin ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 kararlar milyonlar\u0131n hayat\u0131na m\u00e2lolmu\u015ftu. \u00d6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden be\u015f y\u0131l evvel\u00a0\u0130kinci Cihan Harbi<\/strong>\u00a0nihayet bulmu\u015ftu. Stalin, Hitler, Mussolini, Churchill, Roosevelt ve Franko gibi B\u00fcy\u00fck Biraderlerin g\u00f6lgesi alt\u0131nda nefes almak zorunda kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Hitler\u2019in \u0130ngiltere\u2019ye att\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 bombalar (The Blitz<\/em>) her \u0130ngiliz gibi, Orwell ailesinin y\u00fcre\u011fine de korku salm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n B\u00fcy\u00fck Biraderlerin hayat\u0131m\u0131zda ne kadar tayin edici olabileceklerini anlatmak i\u00e7in\u00a0mefhumlar\u0131 tepetaklak ederek<\/strong>\u00a0okuyucusunu sarsmak istemi\u015f Orwell: \u201cHarp Sulhtur\u201d; \u201cH\u00fcrriyet k\u00f6leliktir\u201d; \u201cCehalet g\u00fc\u00e7t\u00fcr\u201d ve \u201cB\u00fcy\u00fck Biraderin g\u00f6z\u00fc \u00fczerindedir\u201d.<\/p>\n \u0130deolojisi ne olursa olsun, herhangi\u00a0bir totaliter rejim niha\u00ee ideal \u015fekline kavu\u015ftu\u011funda neye d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015febilece\u011fini \u00fcrk\u00fct\u00fcc\u00fc \u015fekilde ortaya koyar<\/strong>\u00a01984<\/strong>. G\u00fcce olan ihtiras ve ba\u015fkalar\u0131 \u00fczerinde tahakk\u00fcm sevdas\u0131n\u0131n h\u00fck\u00fcmferma oldu\u011fu polis devletlerde insan\u00ee faziletlerin nas\u0131l tedr\u00eecen buharla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 deh\u015fetengiz \u015fekilde g\u00f6zler \u00f6n\u00fcne sermi\u015ftir. Orwell\u2019in totaliteryanizmin b\u00fcnyesinde bar\u0131nd\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 tehlikeler hususunda yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 ik\u00e2z, hem kendi d\u00f6nemindekiler, hem sonra gelenler \u00fczerinde derin tesirler b\u0131rakm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n B\u00fcy\u00fck Biraderler sadece bedenen insanlar\u0131n direncini k\u0131rmakla iktif\u00e2 etmezler, zihn\u00ee ve akl\u00ee mevcudiyetini k\u00f6k\u00fcnden kaz\u0131yarak, nefret ettikleri mefhumlar\u0131 sevmelerini temin etmek isterler. Bu;\u00a0e\u011fitim ve yeniden programlamayla m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr<\/strong>.<\/p>\n B\u00fcy\u00fck Birader\u2019e \u0130taat<\/strong><\/p>\n Hayat\u0131n\u0131n baz\u0131 merhalelerinde, Orwell\u2019\u0131n kendisi de B\u00fcy\u00fck Birader\u2019in bir par\u00e7as\u0131 olacakt\u0131r.<\/strong>\u00a0Britanya Krall\u0131\u011f\u0131 ad\u0131na Myanmar\u2019da s\u00f6m\u00fcrgeci olarak bulunmas\u0131; BBC\u2019de \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131rken Churchill ad\u0131na propaganda \u00e7ark\u0131n\u0131 \u015fahsen d\u00f6nd\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015f olmas\u0131; 1984\u2019\u00fc yazarken, daha \u00f6nce yazd\u0131klar\u0131 sebebiyle \u0130ngiliz h\u00fck\u00fcmeti taraf\u0131ndan izleniyor olmas\u0131; \u0130spanya\u2019da kom\u00fcnistlerin entrikalar\u0131; Myanmar\u2019da s\u00f6m\u00fcrgeciler saf\u0131nda yer almas\u0131; Myanmar\u2019da \u0131rklar\u0131 ve kastlar\u0131 sebebiyle insanlar aras\u0131ndaki ayr\u0131mc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 m\u00fc\u015fahede etmesi; okul y\u0131llar\u0131nda \u0130ngiltere\u2019nin sosyal s\u0131n\u0131flar aras\u0131ndaki ayr\u0131mc\u0131l\u0131\u011fa bizatihi maruz kalmas\u0131 ve bilahare baba sevgi, \u015fefkat ve al\u00e2k\u00e2s\u0131ndan mahrum olarak b\u00fcy\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f olmas\u0131n\u0131n Orwell \u00fczerinde derin psikolojik tesirleri olmu\u015f. Bu\u00a0sebeplerle, bilhassa\u00a0Hayvan \u00c7iftli\u011fi<\/strong>\u00a0ve\u00a01984<\/strong>\u00a0eserleri, Orwell\u2019\u0131n, \u0130ktidar, Baba, G\u00fc\u00e7, B\u00fcy\u00fck Birader gibi otoriteyle\u00a0y\u00fczle\u015fme ve hesapla\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n hik\u00e2yeleridir<\/strong>.<\/p>\n Her ne kadar Orwell Stalin\u2019i sevmedi\u011fini her f\u0131rsatta ifade etse de, 1984\u2019\u00fcn ortaya koydu\u011fu \u00e7er\u00e7eveyle\u00a0b\u00fct\u00fcn totaliterle\u015fme temay\u00fcllerini tek kefeye koyarak ele\u015ftirmek m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr<\/strong>. Bu itibarla, bu kitab\u0131 okuyacak herkes i\u00e7in g\u00fcncel ikaz ve ihtarlar bulmak m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr.<\/p>\n D\u0131\u015f d\u00fc\u015fman, sava\u015f, seferberlik hali ve harp korkusu devaml\u0131l\u0131k kazand\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, toplumun hiyerar\u015fik yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrecek zihn\u00ee ortam\u0131n \u015fartlar\u0131 temin edilmi\u015f olur. B\u00fcy\u00fck Biraderler, ancak bu tip sosyo-psikolojik ortamlarda zaman\u0131 durdurabilir ve iktidarlar\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrebilirler.<\/p>\n B\u00fcy\u00fck Biraderler \u00f6lmez, y\u00fcreklerde ya\u015farlar. Ne zaman do\u011fup ne zaman \u00f6lecekleri belli de\u011fildir. Belki hep var olagelmi\u015flerdir veya hi\u00e7 bir zaman var olmam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Her \u015feyi bildikleri tasavvur edilir. Bir d\u00fcnya g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fc simalar\u0131nda tecess\u00fcm ettiren yar\u0131-tanr\u0131(!) ki\u015filerdir. Kendileri gibi, d\u00fc\u015fmanlar\u0131 da hay\u00e2l\u00ee ve mistiktir.<\/strong><\/p>\n B\u00fcy\u00fck Birader her yerdedir. Her yerden sizi g\u00f6zetler: Okul bah\u00e7esinden, kitaplardan, paradan, gazeteden, ekrandan, zarf pulundan, posterden, bayraktan, heykelden, b\u00fcstten ve her yerden\u2026\u00a0Ka\u00e7amazs\u0131n\u0131z<\/strong>: sokakta, yatakta, ofiste, evde, mutfakta, sinemada, tiyatroda ve her yerdedir.\u00a0Kafatas\u0131n\u0131z\u0131n i\u00e7inden ba\u015fka s\u0131\u011f\u0131nacak yeriniz yoktur<\/strong>.<\/p>\n 1984\u2019in kahraman\u0131 Winston, not defterine \u201cB\u00fcy\u00fck Biradere \u00d6l\u00fcm\u201d yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 andan itibaren Okyanusya D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce Polisi\u2019nin kendisini er ya da ge\u00e7 yakalayaca\u011f\u0131 \u00f6n kabul\u00fcyle hareket eder. Bu bir nevi fatalistik, umutsuz ve ba\u015f\u0131na gelecek sonu en ba\u015f\u0131ndan kabul eden psikolojik durumu ortaya koyar. Okuyucu i\u00e7in d\u00fcnya daha da bu\u011fucu bir h\u00e2l al\u0131r.\u00a0Belki de Orwell, bu yolla okuyucusunu irkiltmek ve totaliterli\u011fe kar\u015f\u0131 tahrik etmek istemi\u015ftir<\/strong>.<\/p>\n Lisan, Zihin ve H\u00e2f\u0131za<\/strong><\/p>\n 1984, in\u015fac\u0131l\u0131k (constructivism<\/em>) ve Lisan Felsefesine al\u00e2ka duyanlar i\u00e7in ilgin\u00e7 bir eser olacakt\u0131r. Kendine has, mefh\u00fbmlar\u0131 (kavram) vard\u0131r.\u00a0Orwell Mefh\u00fbmlar\u0131<\/strong>(Orwellian Concepts<\/em>) diye literat\u00fcre ge\u00e7mi\u015f. Mesela; birbiriyle tamam\u0131yla z\u0131t iki inanc\u0131 ayn\u0131 anda zihninde ya\u015fatabilme ve her ikisine de inanabilme manas\u0131na gelen \u201c\u00c7iftd\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce\u201d (Doublethink<\/em>); yazar\u0131n ilk defa \u0130ngilizce literat\u00fcr\u00fcne kazand\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir mefhumdur. Buna benzer pek \u00e7ok mefhum var 1984\u2032te: D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce Cinayeti, D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce Polisi, Eski-Lisan, Yeni-Lisan\u2026vs.<\/p>\n (Zihin \u2013 Lisan \u2013 Beden) aras\u0131ndaki m\u00fcnasebet ve bu m\u00fcnasebetin, psikoloji, sosyoloji ve bilahare siyas\u00ee d\u00fczene tesirleri m\u00fchim tespitler ihtiva eder. Bu cihetten s\u0131hhatli bir \u015fekilde tahlil edilebilmesi i\u00e7in,\u00a0kitab\u0131n bu nazarla ayr\u0131ca mutalaa edilmesi tavsiye edilir<\/strong>: \u00a0\u201c\u2026 Hakikat insan beynindedir ve ba\u015fka hi\u00e7 bir yerde de\u011fildir\u2026 parti neyin ger\u00e7ek oldu\u011funa h\u00fckmederse, ger\u00e7ek odur. Bu durumda, e\u011fer parti insanlar\u0131n beynini kontrol ederse, hakikati de kontrol etmi\u015f olacakt\u0131r\u201d.<\/p>\n \u0130nsanlar\u0131n haf\u0131zalar\u0131n\u0131n yeniden programlanmas\u0131, tarihin Okyanusya Ger\u00e7ek Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan yeniden yaz\u0131lmas\u0131;\u00a0toplumlar\u0131n ge\u00e7mi\u015fle olan ba\u011flar\u0131n\u0131n<\/strong>\u00a0ne kadar m\u00fchim oldu\u011funu ortaya koymaktad\u0131r.\u00a0Her despotik ve totaliter rejim; tarih, dil ve co\u011frafyay\u0131 ge\u00e7mi\u015fle ba\u011f\u0131 olmayacak \u015fekilde yeniden tan\u0131mlayacakt\u0131r<\/strong>. Ge\u00e7mi\u015fe m\u00fcdahale edilerek insanlar\u0131n haf\u0131zalar\u0131n\u0131 silecektir. D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnemeyen y\u0131\u011f\u0131nlarca m\u00fcdafaa edilecek ve mevcudiyeti me\u015frula\u015fm\u0131\u015f olacakt\u0131r.\u00a0D\u00fcnyan\u0131n bir \u00e7ok \u00fclkesinde, devrimlerle y\u00fczlerce y\u0131ll\u0131k tarihi miras reddedilmemi\u015f miydi? \u00dcretilmi\u015f yeni nesiller yeni rejimi medeniyetin ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131 gibi g\u00f6r\u00fcp B\u00fcy\u00fck Biraderine kay\u0131ts\u0131z \u015farts\u0131z biat etmemi\u015f miydi?<\/strong><\/p>\n 1984\u2019te, Eski-Lisan terkedilip bir Yeni-Lisan uydurulur. Bu uyduruk\u00e7ayla insanlar\u0131n ge\u00e7mi\u015fle ba\u011f\u0131 kopar\u0131lmak ve onlar\u0131 daha kolay kontrol edilebilir hale getirmek hedeflenir. \u0130nsanlar\u0131n kelime haznesini daraltmak, az kelimeyle konu\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 temin etmek ve onlar\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncede g\u00fcd\u00fck b\u0131rakarak B\u00fcy\u00fck Birader\u2019in rejimine sad\u0131k h\u00e2le getirmek istenir.<\/strong><\/p>\n George Orwell\u2019\u0131n \u00d6l\u00fcm\u00fc<\/strong><\/p>\n Orwell\u2019\u0131n kahr\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7eken ilk kar\u0131s\u0131, Eileen, Orwell\u2019a ilk \u015f\u00f6hretini kazand\u0131r\u0131p ekonomik s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 nispeten bertaraf eden Hayvan \u00c7iftli\u011fi kitab\u0131 ne\u015fredilmeden \u00f6lecektir. Hayat \u015fartlar\u0131 Orwell\u2019\u0131 verem edecek ve \u00f6mr\u00fcn\u00fcn son d\u00f6nemini hastanede ge\u00e7ecektir. \u0130kinci e\u015fiyle hastanede evlenecek ve hen\u00fcz k\u0131rk atl\u0131 ya\u015f\u0131ndayken hayata g\u00f6zlerini yumacakt\u0131r. \u00c7ocu\u011fu olmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Richard isminde evlat edindi\u011fi bir o\u011flu vard\u0131r.<\/p>\n ——-<\/p>\n Ser\u00e2z\u00e2t.com’da; sadece Necip YILDIRIM’\u0131n \u015fiir ve makaleleri yer almaktad\u0131r. B\u00fct\u00fcn haklar\u0131 sakl\u0131d\u0131r. \u0130zinsiz kopyalanamaz ve ne\u015fredilemez.<\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" Orwell 1903 y\u0131l\u0131nda Hindistan\u2019da d\u00fcnyaya gelir. As\u0131l ad\u0131 Eric Blair\u2019dir. Hastal\u0131kl\u0131 ve \u00e7elimsiz \u00e7ocuklu\u011fu; baba sevgisinden mahrum ge\u00e7er. Annesi Orwell\u2019\u0131<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1544,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[18,19],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1543","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-deneme-yazilari-ahmed-necip-yildirim-denemeler","category-kitap-elestirisi-kitap-degerlendirmesi-kitap-tanitimi"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.necipyildirim.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1543","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.necipyildirim.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.necipyildirim.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.necipyildirim.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.necipyildirim.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1543"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.necipyildirim.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1543\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.necipyildirim.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1544"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.necipyildirim.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1543"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.necipyildirim.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1543"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.necipyildirim.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1543"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}